ebpf.cpp

// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
// distributed with this work for additional information
// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

#include "linux/ebpf.hpp"
#include "linux/cgroups2.hpp"

#include <linux/bpf.h>
#include <sys/syscall.h>

#include <cstring>
#include <string>
#include <vector>

#include "stout/check.hpp"
#include "stout/error.hpp"
#include "stout/none.hpp"
#include "stout/nothing.hpp"
#include "stout/os/close.hpp"
#include "stout/os/open.hpp"
#include "stout/stringify.hpp"
#include "stout/try.hpp"

using std::string;
using std::vector;

namespace ebpf {

Try<int, ErrnoError> bpf(int cmd, bpf_attr* attr, size_t size)
{
  // We retry the system call `attempts` times on EAGAIN. The default is 5,
  // as per what's done by libbpf:
  // https://github.com/libbpf/libbpf/blob/master/src/bpf.h#L71-L75
  int result, attempts = 5;
  do {
    // glibc does not expose the bpf() function, requiring us to make the
    // syscall directly: https://lwn.net/Articles/655028/
    result = (int)syscall(__NR_bpf, cmd, attr, size);
  } while (result == -1 && errno == EAGAIN && --attempts > 0);

  if (result == -1) {
    return ErrnoError();
  }
  return result;
}


Program::Program(bpf_prog_type _type) : type(_type) {}


void Program::append(vector<bpf_insn>&& instructions)
{
  program.insert(
      program.end(),
      std::make_move_iterator(instructions.begin()),
      std::make_move_iterator(instructions.end()));
}


// Load an eBPF program into the kernel and return the file
// descriptor of the loaded program.
Try<int> load(const Program& program)
{
  bpf_attr attribute;
  std::memset(&attribute, 0, sizeof(attribute));
  attribute.prog_type = program.type;
  attribute.insn_cnt = program.program.size();
  attribute.insns = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(program.program.data());
  attribute.license = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>("Apache 2.0");

  Try<int, ErrnoError> fd = bpf(BPF_PROG_LOAD, &attribute, sizeof(attribute));

  if (fd.isError() && fd.error().code == EACCES) {
    // If bpf() fails with EACCES (a verifier error) the system call is called
    // again with an additional buffer to capture the verifier error logs.
    string verifier_logs(8196, '\0');
    attribute.log_level = 1;
    attribute.log_buf = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(&verifier_logs.front());
    attribute.log_size = verifier_logs.size();

    fd = bpf(BPF_PROG_LOAD, &attribute, sizeof(attribute));

    CHECK_ERROR(fd);
    CHECK_EQ(EACCES, fd.error().code)
      << "Expected BPF syscall to fail again with EACCES";

    // Truncate the verifier logs based on how many bytes were written.
    verifier_logs.resize(strlen(verifier_logs.data()));
    return Error("BPF verifier failed: " + verifier_logs);
  }

  if (fd.isError()) {
    return Error("Unexpected error from BPF syscall: " + fd.error().message);
  }

  return *fd;
}

namespace cgroups2 {

Try<int> bpf_get_fd_by_id(uint32_t prog_id)
{
  bpf_attr attr;
  memset(&attr, 0, sizeof(attr));
  attr.prog_id = prog_id;

  Try<int, ErrnoError> fd = bpf(BPF_PROG_GET_FD_BY_ID, &attr, sizeof(attr));

  if (fd.isError()) {
    return Error("bpf syscall to BPF_PROG_GET_FD_BY_ID failed: " +
                 fd.error().message);
  }

  return *fd;
}


// Attaches the eBPF program identified by the provided fd to a cgroup.
// If there is an existing ebpf program at the cgroup, we will replace
// it atomically with the provided ebpf program.
Try<Nothing> attach(const string& cgroup, int new_program_fd)
{
  string cgroup_path = ::cgroups2::path(cgroup);

  Try<int> cgroup_fd =
    os::open(cgroup_path, O_DIRECTORY | O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
  if (cgroup_fd.isError()) {
    return Error("Failed to open cgroup: " + cgroup_fd.error());
  }

  Try<vector<uint32_t>> attached = ebpf::cgroups2::attached(cgroup_path);
  if (attached.isError()) {
    return Error("Failed to retrieve attached bpf device programs: "
                 + attached.error());
  } else if (attached->size() > 1) {
    return Error("Detected multiple (" + stringify(attached->size()) + ")"
                 " BPF_CGROUP_DEVICE attached to cgroup");
  }

  Result<int> old_program_fd = None();

  if (attached->size() == 1) {
    uint32_t old_program_id = attached->at(0);
    old_program_fd = bpf_get_fd_by_id(old_program_id);
    if (old_program_fd.isError()) {
      return Error("Failed to open existing program fd for id "
                   + stringify(old_program_id) + ": " + old_program_fd.error());
    }
  }

  bpf_attr attr;
  memset(&attr, 0, sizeof(attr));
  attr.attach_type = BPF_CGROUP_DEVICE;
  attr.target_fd = *cgroup_fd;
  attr.attach_bpf_fd = new_program_fd;

  // BPF_F_ALLOW_MULTI allows multiple eBPF programs to be attached to a single
  // cgroup and determines how the programs up and down the hierarchy will run.
  //
  // Rules (assuming all cgroups use BPF_F_ALLOW_MULTI):
  //
  //   1. Programs attached to child cgroups run before programs attached
  //      to their parent.
  //   2. Within a cgroup, programs attached earlier will run before programs
  //      attached later. Note that we do not want to attach multiple programs
  //      to a single cgroup.
  //
  // Order: oldest, ..., newest
  // cgroup1: A, B
  //   cgroup2: C
  //   cgroup3: D, E
  //     cgroup4: F
  // cgroup4 run order: F, D, E, A, B
  // cgroup2 run order: C, A, B
  //
  // If any program in the run order returns a non-successful code, the device
  // access will be denied. Thus, we opt to atomically replace the existing
  // ebpf device file so that we have exactly one file as our source of truth
  // for device access.
  // For full details, see:
  // https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v6.7.9/source/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h#L1090
  attr.attach_flags = BPF_F_ALLOW_MULTI;
  if (old_program_fd.isSome()) {
    attr.attach_flags |= BPF_F_REPLACE;
    attr.replace_bpf_fd = *old_program_fd;
  }

  Try<int, ErrnoError> result = bpf(BPF_PROG_ATTACH, &attr, sizeof(attr));

  os::close(*cgroup_fd);
  if (old_program_fd.isSome()) {
    os::close(*old_program_fd);
  }

  if (result.isError()) {
    return Error("BPF program attach syscall failed: "
                 + result.error().message);
  }

  return Nothing();
}


Try<Nothing> attach(const string& cgroup, const Program& program)
{
  Try<int> program_fd = ebpf::load(program);
  if (program_fd.isError()) {
    return Error("Failed to load eBPF program: " + program_fd.error());
  }

  Try<Nothing> _attach = attach(cgroup, *program_fd);
  os::close(*program_fd);
  if (_attach.isError()) {
    return Error("Failed to attach eBPF program: " + _attach.error());
  }

  return Nothing();
}


Try<vector<uint32_t>> attached(const string& cgroup)
{
  string cgroup_path = ::cgroups2::path(cgroup);

  Try<int> cgroup_fd =
    os::open(cgroup_path, O_DIRECTORY | O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
  if (cgroup_fd.isError()) {
    return Error("Failed to open '" + cgroup_path + "': " + cgroup_fd.error());
  }

  // Program ids are unsigned 32-bit integers. We assume that a maximum
  // of 64 programs are attached to a cgroup; there should only be 0 or 1
  // but we allow for more to be safe.
  const int MAX_IDS = 64;
  vector<uint32_t> ids(MAX_IDS);

  bpf_attr attr;
  memset(&attr, 0, sizeof(attr));
  attr.query.target_fd = *cgroup_fd;
  attr.query.attach_type = BPF_CGROUP_DEVICE;
  attr.query.prog_cnt = MAX_IDS;
  attr.query.prog_ids = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(ids.data());

  Try<int, ErrnoError> result = bpf(BPF_PROG_QUERY, &attr, sizeof(attr));
  os::close(*cgroup_fd);

  if (result.isError()) {
    return Error(
        "bpf syscall to BPF_PROG_QUERY for BPF_CGROUP_DEVICE programs failed: "
        + result.error().message);
  }

  // Although `attr.query.prog_cnt` is not a pointer, the bpf() system call
  // sets it to the number of program ids that were stored in the `ids` buffer.
  ids.resize(attr.query.prog_cnt);

  return ids;
}


// Detach an eBPF program from a target (AKA path) by its attachment type
// and program id. Returns Nothing() on success or if no program is found.
Try<Nothing> detach(const string& cgroup, uint32_t program_id)
{
  string cgroup_path = ::cgroups2::path(cgroup);

  Try<int> cgroup_fd =
    os::open(cgroup_path, O_DIRECTORY | O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
  if (cgroup_fd.isError()) {
    return Error("Failed to open '" + cgroup_path + "': " + cgroup_fd.error());
  }

  Try<int> program_fd = bpf_get_fd_by_id(program_id);

  if (program_fd.isError()) {
    return Error("Could not get bpf fd from program id: "+
                 program_fd.error());
  }

  bpf_attr attr;
  memset(&attr, 0, sizeof(attr));
  attr.attach_type = BPF_CGROUP_DEVICE;
  attr.target_fd = *cgroup_fd;
  attr.attach_bpf_fd = *program_fd;

  Try<int, ErrnoError> result = bpf(BPF_PROG_DETACH, &attr, sizeof(attr));

  os::close(*cgroup_fd);
  os::close(*program_fd);

  if (result.isError()) {
    return Error("bpf syscall to BPF_PROG_DETACH failed: "
                 + result.error().message);
  }

  return Nothing();
}

} // namespace cgroups2 {

} // namespace ebpf {