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<div class="identifier-type">function template</div><div class="header"><algorithm></div><h1 itemprop="name"><span class="namespace" title="namespace std">std::</span><span class="token">random_shuffle</span><span class="cpp cpp14deprecated text-warning" title="C++14で非推奨">(C++14で非推奨)</span><span class="cpp cpp17removed text-danger" title="C++17で削除">(C++17で削除)</span></h1>
<div itemprop="articleBody"><p><div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">std</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">template</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">RandomAccessIterator</span><span class="o">></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">random_shuffle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RandomAccessIterator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RandomAccessIterator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">last</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// (1)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">template</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">RandomAccessIterator</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">RandomNumberGenerator</span><span class="o">></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">random_shuffle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RandomAccessIterator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RandomAccessIterator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">last</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RandomNumberGenerator</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rand</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// (2) C++03</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">template</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">RandomAccessIterator</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">RandomNumberGenerator</span><span class="o">></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">random_shuffle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RandomAccessIterator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RandomAccessIterator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">last</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RandomNumberGenerator</span><span class="o">&&</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rand</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// (2) C++11</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</p>
<p>この関数は、C++14から非推奨となり、C++17で削除された。代わりに<code><a href="shuffle.html">shuffle()</a></code>関数を使用すること。</p>
<h2>概要</h2>
<p><a class="cpprefjp-defined-word" data-desc="2つのイテレータで表現される半開区間を表す。C++20からイテレータと番兵で異なる型であっても指定可能になる">イテレータ範囲</a><code>[first,last)</code>のそれぞれの要素を同じ確率で並び替える。</p>
<h2>要件</h2>
<ul>
<li><code>RandomAccessIterator</code> は <code>ValueSwappable</code> の要件を満たしている必要がある。</li>
<li>乱数生成関数オブジェクトである <code>rand</code> の<a class="cpprefjp-defined-word" data-desc="関数呼び出し式の評価結果となるオブジェクト・値">戻り値</a>は <code><a href="../iterator/iterator_traits.html">iterator_traits</a><RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type</code> へ変換可能でなければならない。</li>
<li>0 より大きい <code><a href="../iterator/iterator_traits.html">iterator_traits</a><RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type</code> 型の <code>n</code> について、<code>rand(n)</code> という呼び出しは <code>[0,n)</code> の範囲から無作為に選ばれた値を返す必要がある。</li>
</ul>
<h2><a class="cpprefjp-defined-word" data-desc="関数等の意味論を構成する要素の1つ。Complexity。関数が使うアルゴリズムの空間計算量・時間計算量">計算量</a></h2>
<p>正確に <code>(last - first) - 1</code> 回 swap する。</p>
<h2>備考</h2>
<p>最初の形式がC互換ライブラリの <code>std::rand()</code>関数を使うかどうかは実装依存である。</p>
<h2>非推奨・削除の詳細(C++14)</h2>
<p>C++14では、C互換ライブラリの乱数生成関数である<code>std::rand()</code>と<code>std::srand()</code>が非推奨となった。</p>
<p>これらの関数には、以下のような問題があった：</p>
<ul>
<li>値の範囲が小さい。<code>RAND_MAX</code>の値が非常に小さく、範囲<code>[0, 32767]</code>の値しか生成できなかった。</li>
<li>任意の範囲を取得するために、剰余演算が使われていた。これはMudulo biasという問題によって、生成確率が一様にならない。</li>
<li>これらの関数は<code>static</code>な唯一の状態を持つため、複数の状態が必要な状況に対処できなかった。</li>
</ul>
<p>こういった問題により、多くのプロジェクトがこれらの関数を使用することを、明確に禁止していた。そのため、これらの関数が非推奨となった。</p>
<p><code>std::random_shuffle()</code>関数は<code>std::rand()</code>に依存したアルゴリズムであるため、共に非推奨となった。</p>
<p><code>std::rand()</code>と<code>std::srand()</code>の代わりに、<code><a href="../random.html"><random></a></code>ヘッダで定義される乱数生成器と分布を使用すること。<code>std::random_shuffle()</code>関数の代わりに、<code><a href="shuffle.html">std::shuffle()</a></code>関数を使用すること。</p>
<h2>例</h2>
<p><div class="yata" id="e8b759426565178c23a895c80843819719b4b89a"><div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code><span class="cp">#include <a href="../iostream.html"><iostream></a></span>
<span class="cp">#include <a href="../vector.html"><vector></a></span>
<span class="cp">#include <a href="../algorithm.html"><algorithm></a></span>
<span class="cp">#include <a href="../numeric.html"><numeric></a></span>
<span class="cp">#include <a href="../iterator.html"><iterator></a></span>
<span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a href="../vector/vector.html">std::vector</a></span><span class="o"><</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a href="../numeric/iota.html">std::iota</a></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n"><a href="../vector/vector/begin.html">v.begin()</a></span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a href="../vector/vector/end.html">v.end()</a></span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 0～9 までの値を生成</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a href="../iostream/cout.html">std::cout</a></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"before: "</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a href="copy.html">std::copy</a></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n"><a href="../vector/vector/begin.html">v.begin()</a></span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a href="../vector/vector/end.html">v.end()</a></span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a href="../iterator/ostream_iterator.html">std::ostream_iterator</a></span><span class="o"><</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n"><a href="../iostream/cout.html">std::cout</a></span><span class="p">));</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a href="../iostream/cout.html">std::cout</a></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a href="../ostream/endl.html">std::endl</a></span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// シャッフル</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span style="color:#ff0000">std::random_shuffle</span></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n"><a href="../vector/vector/begin.html">v.begin()</a></span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a href="../vector/vector/end.html">v.end()</a></span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a href="../iostream/cout.html">std::cout</a></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">" after: "</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a href="copy.html">std::copy</a></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n"><a href="../vector/vector/begin.html">v.begin()</a></span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a href="../vector/vector/end.html">v.end()</a></span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a href="../iterator/ostream_iterator.html">std::ostream_iterator</a></span><span class="o"><</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n"><a href="../iostream/cout.html">std::cout</a></span><span class="p">));</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a href="../iostream/cout.html">std::cout</a></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a href="../ostream/endl.html">std::endl</a></span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div></p>
<h3>出力</h3>
<p><pre><code>before: 0123456789
after: 4378052169
</code></pre></p>
<h2>実装例</h2>
<p><div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1">// [0,n) のどれかの値を返す内部関数</span>
<span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">get_random_number</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">template</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">RandomAccessIterator</span><span class="o">></span>
<span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">random_shuffle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RandomAccessIterator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RandomAccessIterator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">last</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">last</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">it</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">first</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">it</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">last</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">++</span><span class="n">it</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a href="iter_swap.html">iter_swap</a></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">it</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">first</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get_random_number</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">it</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">first</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">));</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">template</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">RandomAccessIterator</span><span class="o">></span>
<span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">random_shuffle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RandomAccessIterator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RandomAccessIterator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">last</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RandomNumberGenerator</span><span class="o">&&</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rand</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">last</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">it</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">first</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">it</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">last</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">++</span><span class="n">it</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a href="iter_swap.html">iter_swap</a></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">it</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">first</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rand</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">it</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">first</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">));</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</p>
<h2>参照</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20201123200831/https://channel9.msdn.com/Events/GoingNative/2013/rand-Considered-Harmful" target="_blank">rand() Considered Harmful - Going Native 2013</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2014/n3924.pdf" target="_blank">N3924 Discouraging rand() in C++14, v2</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2014/n4190.htm" target="_blank">N4190 Removing <code>auto_ptr</code>, <code>random_shuffle()</code>, And Old <code><functional></code> Stuff</a></li>
</ul></div>
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