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<div class="section" id="module-array">
<span id="array-efficient-arrays-of-numeric-values"></span><h1>8.7. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-array" title="array: Space efficient arrays of uniformly typed numeric values."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">array</span></code></a> — 高效率的數值型態陣列<a class="headerlink" href="#module-array" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h1>
<hr class="docutils" id="index-0" />
<p>這個模組定義了一個物件型別，可以簡潔的表達一個包含基本數值的陣列：字元、整數、浮點數。陣列是一個非常類似 list 的序列型態，除了陣列會限制儲存的物件型別。在建立陣列時可以使用一個字元的 <em class="dfn">type code</em> 來指定儲存的資料型別。下面是 type codes 的定義。</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="14%" />
<col width="25%" />
<col width="24%" />
<col width="29%" />
<col width="9%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Type code</th>
<th class="head">C Type</th>
<th class="head">Python Type</th>
<th class="head">最小所需的位元組</th>
<th class="head">註解</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'b'</span></code></td>
<td>signed char</td>
<td>int</td>
<td>1</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'B'</span></code></td>
<td>unsigned char</td>
<td>int</td>
<td>1</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'u'</span></code></td>
<td>Py_UNICODE</td>
<td>Unicode character</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>(1)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'h'</span></code></td>
<td>signed short</td>
<td>int</td>
<td>2</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'H'</span></code></td>
<td>unsigned short</td>
<td>int</td>
<td>2</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'i'</span></code></td>
<td>signed int</td>
<td>int</td>
<td>2</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'I'</span></code></td>
<td>unsigned int</td>
<td>int</td>
<td>2</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'l'</span></code></td>
<td>signed long</td>
<td>int</td>
<td>4</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'L'</span></code></td>
<td>unsigned long</td>
<td>int</td>
<td>4</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'q'</span></code></td>
<td>signed long long</td>
<td>int</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>(2)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'Q'</span></code></td>
<td>unsigned long long</td>
<td>int</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>(2)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'f'</span></code></td>
<td>float</td>
<td>float</td>
<td>4</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'d'</span></code></td>
<td>double</td>
<td>float</td>
<td>8</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>註解：</p>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p class="first"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">u</span></code> type code 對應到的是 Python 過去的 unicode 字母（ <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/unicode.html#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_UNICODE</span></code></a> 是 <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wchar_t</span></code> ）。根據平台不同，他有可能是 16 bits 或 32 bits。</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'u'</span></code> 會跟著 <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/unicode.html#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_UNICODE</span></code></a> API 的停用一起被移除。</p>
<div class="deprecated-removed">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 3.3, will be removed in version 4.0.</span></p>
</div>
</li>
<li><p class="first">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'q'</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'Q'</span></code> type codes are available only if
the platform C compiler used to build Python supports C <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long</span> <span class="pre">long</span></code>,
or, on Windows, <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__int64</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
<p>實際上數值的表示方法是被機器的架構所決定（更精準地說，被 C 的實作方法決定）。實際的大小可以透過 <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itemsize</span></code> 屬性存取。</p>
<p>這個模組定義了下方的型別：</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="array.array">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">array.</code><code class="descname">array</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>typecode</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>initializer</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#array.array" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>一個新的陣列中的元素被 <em>typecode</em> 限制，並由選用的 <em>initializer</em> 參數初始化， <em>initializer</em> 必須是一個 list、 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">bytes-like object</span></a> 或包含適當型別變數的 iterable 。</p>
<p>如果指定一個 list 或 string ，新的陣列初始化時會傳入 <a class="reference internal" href="#array.array.fromlist" title="array.array.fromlist"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fromlist()</span></code></a> 、 <a class="reference internal" href="#array.array.frombytes" title="array.array.frombytes"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">frombytes()</span></code></a> 或 <a class="reference internal" href="#array.array.fromunicode" title="array.array.fromunicode"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fromunicode()</span></code></a> 方法（參照下方）將元素新增到其中。其他型態的變數則會傳入 <a class="reference internal" href="#array.array.extend" title="array.array.extend"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">extend()</span></code></a> 方法初始化。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="array.typecodes">
<code class="descclassname">array.</code><code class="descname">typecodes</code><a class="headerlink" href="#array.typecodes" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>一個包含所有可用的 type code 的字串。</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>Array objects support the ordinary sequence operations of indexing, slicing,
concatenation, and multiplication. When using slice assignment, the assigned
value must be an array object with the same type code; in all other cases,
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a> is raised. Array objects also implement the buffer interface,
and may be used wherever <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">bytes-like objects</span></a> are supported.</p>
<p>提供下方的資料物件與方法。</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="array.array.typecode">
<code class="descclassname">array.</code><code class="descname">typecode</code><a class="headerlink" href="#array.array.typecode" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>typecode 字元被用在建立陣列時。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="array.array.itemsize">
<code class="descclassname">array.</code><code class="descname">itemsize</code><a class="headerlink" href="#array.array.itemsize" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>陣列當中的一個元素在內部需要的位元組 (bytes) 長度。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="array.array.append">
<code class="descclassname">array.</code><code class="descname">append</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>x</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#array.array.append" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>新增一個元素 <em>x</em> 到陣列的最尾端。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="array.array.buffer_info">
<code class="descclassname">array.</code><code class="descname">buffer_info</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#array.array.buffer_info" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>回傳一個 tuple <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(address,</span> <span class="pre">length)</span></code> 表示當前的記憶體位置和陣列儲存元素的緩衝區記憶體長度。緩衝區的長度單位是 bytes ，並可以用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">array.buffer_info()[1]</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">array.itemsize</span></code> 計算得到。這偶爾會在底層操作需要記憶體位置的輸出輸入時很有用，例如 <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ioctl()</span></code> 指令。只要陣列存在且沒有使用任何更改長度的操作時，回傳的數值就有效。</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">備註</p>
<p class="last">當使用來自 C 或 C++ 程式碼（這是唯一使得這個資訊有效的途徑） 的陣列物件時，更適當的做法是使用陣列物件支援的緩衝區介面。這個方法維護了向後兼容性，並應該在新的程式碼中避免。關於緩衝區介面的文件在 <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/buffer.html#bufferobjects"><span class="std std-ref">Buffer Protocol</span></a> 。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="array.array.byteswap">
<code class="descclassname">array.</code><code class="descname">byteswap</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#array.array.byteswap" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>「Byteswap」 所有陣列中的物件。這只有支援物件長度為 1、2、4 或 8 位元組的陣列，其他型別的值會導致 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#RuntimeError" title="RuntimeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RuntimeError</span></code></a> 。這在從機器讀取位元順序不同的檔案時很有用。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="array.array.count">
<code class="descclassname">array.</code><code class="descname">count</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>x</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#array.array.count" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>回傳 <em>x</em> 在陣列中出現了幾次。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="array.array.extend">
<code class="descclassname">array.</code><code class="descname">extend</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>iterable</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#array.array.extend" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>從 <em>iterable</em> 中新增元素到陣列的尾端，如果 <em>iterable</em> 是另一個陣列，他必須有完全相同的 type code ，如果不同會產生 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a> 。如果 <em>iterable</em> 不是一個陣列，他必須可以被迭代 (iterable) 且其中的元素必須是可以被加入陣列中的正確型態。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="array.array.frombytes">
<code class="descclassname">array.</code><code class="descname">frombytes</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>s</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#array.array.frombytes" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>從字串中新增元素。讀取時會將字串當作一個陣列，裡面包含了 machine value（就像從檔案中使用 <a class="reference internal" href="#array.array.fromfile" title="array.array.fromfile"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fromfile()</span></code></a> 方法讀出的資料）。</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.2 版新加入: </span>為了更明確，之前的 <a class="reference internal" href="#array.array.fromstring" title="array.array.fromstring"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fromstring()</span></code></a> 被更名為 <a class="reference internal" href="#array.array.frombytes" title="array.array.frombytes"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">frombytes()</span></code></a> 。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="array.array.fromfile">
<code class="descclassname">array.</code><code class="descname">fromfile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>f</em>, <em>n</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#array.array.fromfile" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>從 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-object"><span class="xref std std-term">file object</span></a> <em>f</em> 讀取 <em>n</em> 個 machine value 類型的元素，接著將這些元素加入陣列的最尾端。如果只有少於 <em>n</em> 個有效的元素會產生 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#EOFError" title="EOFError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EOFError</span></code></a> 錯誤，但有效的元素仍然會被加入陣列中。 <em>f</em> 必須是一個真正的內建檔案物件，其他擁有 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">read()</span></code> 方法的不行。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="array.array.fromlist">
<code class="descclassname">array.</code><code class="descname">fromlist</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>list</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#array.array.fromlist" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>從 list 中新增元素。這等價於 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">for</span> <span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">list:</span> <span class="pre">a.append(x)</span></code> ，除了有型態錯誤產生時，陣列會保持原狀不會被更改。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="array.array.fromstring">
<code class="descclassname">array.</code><code class="descname">fromstring</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#array.array.fromstring" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#array.array.frombytes" title="array.array.frombytes"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">frombytes()</span></code></a> 方法的另一個（已經過時的）名字。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="array.array.fromunicode">
<code class="descclassname">array.</code><code class="descname">fromunicode</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>s</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#array.array.fromunicode" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>用給定的 unicode 字串擴展這個陣列。陣列必須是型態 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">u</span></code> 的陣列；其他的型態會產生 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> 錯誤。使用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">array.frombytes(unicodestring.encode(enc))</span></code> 來新增 Unicode 資料到一個其他型態的陣列。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="array.array.index">
<code class="descclassname">array.</code><code class="descname">index</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>x</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#array.array.index" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>回傳最小的 <em>i</em> ，使得 <em>i</em> 是陣列中第一個 <em>x</em> 出現的索引值。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="array.array.insert">
<code class="descclassname">array.</code><code class="descname">insert</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>i</em>, <em>x</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#array.array.insert" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>在位置 <em>i</em> 之前插入一個元素 <em>x</em> 。負數的索引值會從陣列尾端開始數。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="array.array.pop">
<code class="descclassname">array.</code><code class="descname">pop</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>i</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#array.array.pop" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>移除並回傳陣列索引值 <em>i</em> 的元素。選擇性的參數 <em>i</em> 預設為 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> ，所以預設會刪除並回傳最後一個元素。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="array.array.remove">
<code class="descclassname">array.</code><code class="descname">remove</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>x</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#array.array.remove" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>從陣列中刪除第一個出現的 <em>x</em> 。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="array.array.reverse">
<code class="descclassname">array.</code><code class="descname">reverse</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#array.array.reverse" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>將整個陣列的元素按照順序逆轉。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="array.array.tobytes">
<code class="descclassname">array.</code><code class="descname">tobytes</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#array.array.tobytes" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>將陣列轉為另一個 machine values 的陣列並回傳他的位元組表示（跟用 <a class="reference internal" href="#array.array.tofile" title="array.array.tofile"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tofile()</span></code></a> 方法寫入檔案時的位元序列相同）。</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.2 版新加入: </span>為了明確性，過去的 <a class="reference internal" href="#array.array.tostring" title="array.array.tostring"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tostring()</span></code></a> 已更名為 <a class="reference internal" href="#array.array.tobytes" title="array.array.tobytes"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tobytes()</span></code></a> 。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="array.array.tofile">
<code class="descclassname">array.</code><code class="descname">tofile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>f</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#array.array.tofile" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>將所有元素 （以 machine code 的形式）寫入 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-object"><span class="xref std std-term">file object</span></a> <em>f</em> 。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="array.array.tolist">
<code class="descclassname">array.</code><code class="descname">tolist</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#array.array.tolist" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>不更改元素，將陣列轉為一般的 list 。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="array.array.tostring">
<code class="descclassname">array.</code><code class="descname">tostring</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#array.array.tostring" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#array.array.tobytes" title="array.array.tobytes"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tobytes()</span></code></a> 方法的另一個（已經過時的）名字。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="array.array.tounicode">
<code class="descclassname">array.</code><code class="descname">tounicode</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#array.array.tounicode" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>將陣列轉為一個字串。陣列的型態必須為 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">u</span></code> 。其他型態的陣列會產生 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> 錯誤。使用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">array.tobytes().decode(enc)</span></code> 將其他型態的陣列轉為字串。</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>When an array object is printed or converted to a string, it is represented as
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">array(typecode,</span> <span class="pre">initializer)</span></code>. The <em>initializer</em> is omitted if the array is
empty, otherwise it is a string if the <em>typecode</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'u'</span></code>, otherwise it is a
list of numbers. The string is guaranteed to be able to be converted back to an
array with the same type and value using <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#eval" title="eval"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">eval()</span></code></a>, so long as the
<a class="reference internal" href="#array.array" title="array.array"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">array</span></code></a> class has been imported using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">array</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">array</span></code>.
Examples:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'l'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'u'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'hello </span><span class="se">\u2641</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'l'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="n">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'d'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">2.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">3.14</span><span class="p">])</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">也參考</p>
<dl class="last docutils">
<dt>模組 <a class="reference internal" href="struct.html#module-struct" title="struct: Interpret bytes as packed binary data."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">struct</span></code></a></dt>
<dd>將包含不同資料類型的二進位資料包裝與解開包裝。</dd>
<dt>模組 <a class="reference internal" href="xdrlib.html#module-xdrlib" title="xdrlib: Encoders and decoders for the External Data Representation (XDR)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xdrlib</span></code></a></dt>
<dd>將 External Data Representation (XDR) 的資料包裝與解開包裝，這用在一些遠端操作的系統 ( remote procedure call systems ) 。</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/">The Numerical Python Documentation</a></dt>
<dd>Python 數值運算的擴充 (The Numeric Python extension, NumPy) 定義了另一個陣列型態，更多關於 Python 的數值運算參考 <a class="reference external" href="http://www.numpy.org/">http://www.numpy.org/</a> 。</dd>
</dl>
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