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<div class="section" id="virtual-environments-and-packages">
<span id="tut-venv"></span><h1>12. 虛擬環境與套件<a class="headerlink" href="#virtual-environments-and-packages" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h1>
<div class="section" id="introduction">
<h2>12.1. 簡介<a class="headerlink" href="#introduction" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h2>
<p>Python 應用程式通常會用到不在標準函式庫的套件和模組。應用程式有時候會需要某個特定版本的函式庫，因為這個應用程式可能需要某個特殊的臭蟲修正，或是這個應用程式是根據該函式庫特定版本的介面所撰寫。</p>
<p>這意味著不太可能安裝一套 Python 就可以滿足所有應用程式的要求。如果應用程式 A 需要一個特定的模組的 1.0 版，但另外一個應用程式 B 需要 2.0 版，那麼這整個需求不管安裝 1.0 或是 2.0 都會衝突，以致於應用程式無法使用。</p>
<p>解決方案是創建一個<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-virtual-environment"><span class="xref std std-term">虛擬環境（virtual environment）</span></a>，這是一個獨立的資料夾，並且裡面裝好了特定版本的 Python，以及一系列相關的套件。</p>
<p>不同的應用程式可以使用不同的虛擬環境。以前述中需要被解決的例子中，應用程式 A 能夠擁有它自己的虛擬環境，並且是裝好 1.0 版，然而應用程式 B 則可以是用另外一個有 2.0 版的虛擬環境。要是應用程式 B 需要某個函式庫被升級到 3.0 版，這並不會影響到應用程式 A 的環境。</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="creating-virtual-environments">
<h2>12.2. 建立虛擬環境<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-virtual-environments" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h2>
<p>用來建立與管理虛擬環境的模組叫做 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/venv.html#module-venv" title="venv: Creation of virtual environments."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code></a>。<a class="reference internal" href="../library/venv.html#module-venv" title="venv: Creation of virtual environments."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code></a> 通常會安裝你能夠取得的最新版本的 Python。要是你的系統有不同版本的 Python，你可以透過 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python3</span></code> 這個指令選擇特定或是任意版本的 Python。</p>
<p>在建立虛擬環境的時候，在你決定要放該虛擬環境的資料夾之後，在 script 中執行 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/venv.html#module-venv" title="venv: Creation of virtual environments."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code></a> 模組並且給定資料夾 path：</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python3</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="n">venv</span> <span class="n">tutorial</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">env</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>如果 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tutorial-env</span></code> 不存在的話，這會建立 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tutorial-env</span></code> 資料夾，並且也會在裡面建立一個有 Python 直譯器的複本、標準函式庫、以及不同的支援檔案的資料夾。</p>
<p>一旦你建立了一個虛擬環境，你可以啟動他。</p>
<p>在 Windows 系統中，使用：</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">tutorial</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">env</span>\<span class="n">Scripts</span>\<span class="n">activate</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bat</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>在 Unix 或 MacOS 系統，使用：</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">source</span> <span class="n">tutorial</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">env</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">bin</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">activate</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>（這段程式碼適用於 bash shell。如果你是用 <strong class="program">csh</strong> 或者 <strong class="program">fish</strong> shell，應當使用替代的 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">activate.csh</span></code> 與 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">activate.fish</span></code> 腳本。）</p>
<p>啟動虛擬環境會改變你的 shell 提示字元來顯示你正在使用的虛擬環境，並且修改環境以讓你在執行 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span></code> 的時候可以得到特定的 Python 版本，例如說：</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ <span class="nb">source</span> ~/envs/tutorial-env/bin/activate
<span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span> $ python
Python <span class="m">3</span>.5.1 <span class="o">(</span>default, May <span class="m">6</span> <span class="m">2016</span>, <span class="m">10</span>:59:36<span class="o">)</span>
...
>>> import sys
>>> sys.path
<span class="o">[</span><span class="s1">''</span>, <span class="s1">'/usr/local/lib/python35.zip'</span>, ...,
<span class="s1">'~/envs/tutorial-env/lib/python3.5/site-packages'</span><span class="o">]</span>
>>>
</pre></div>
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</div>
<div class="section" id="managing-packages-with-pip">
<h2>12.3. 用 pip 管理套件<a class="headerlink" href="#managing-packages-with-pip" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h2>
<p>你可以使用一個叫做 <strong class="program">pip</strong> 的程式來安裝、升級和移除套件。<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> 預設會從 Python Package Index <<a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org">https://pypi.org</a>> 安裝套件。你可以透過你的瀏覽器瀏覽 Python Package Index，或是使用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> 的限定搜索功能：</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span> $ pip search astronomy
skyfield - Elegant astronomy <span class="k">for</span> Python
gary - Galactic astronomy and gravitational dynamics.
novas - The United States Naval Observatory NOVAS astronomy library
astroobs - Provides astronomy ephemeris to plan telescope observations
PyAstronomy - A collection of astronomy related tools <span class="k">for</span> Python.
...
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> 有好幾個子指令：」search」、」install」、」uninstall」、」freeze」 等等。（這可以參考<a class="reference internal" href="../installing/index.html#installing-index"><span class="std std-ref">安裝 Python 模組</span></a>說明書來取得 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> 的完整文件說明。）</p>
<p>你可以透過指定套件名字來安裝最新版本的套件：</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span> $ pip install novas
Collecting novas
Downloading novas-3.1.1.3.tar.gz <span class="o">(</span>136kB<span class="o">)</span>
Installing collected packages: novas
Running setup.py install <span class="k">for</span> novas
Successfully installed novas-3.1.1.3
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>你也可以透過在套件名稱之後接上 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">==</span></code> 和版號來指定特定版本：</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span> $ pip install <span class="nv">requests</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="m">2</span>.6.0
Collecting <span class="nv">requests</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="m">2</span>.6.0
Using cached requests-2.6.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: requests
Successfully installed requests-2.6.0
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>要是你重新執行此指令，<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> 會知道該版本已經安裝過，然後什麼也不做。你可以提供不同的版本號碼來取得該版本，或是可以執行 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">install</span> <span class="pre">--upgrade</span></code> 來把套件升級到最新的版本：</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span> $ pip install --upgrade requests
Collecting requests
Installing collected packages: requests
Found existing installation: requests <span class="m">2</span>.6.0
Uninstalling requests-2.6.0:
Successfully uninstalled requests-2.6.0
Successfully installed requests-2.7.0
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">uninstall</span></code> 後面接一個或是多個套件名稱可以從虛擬環境中移除套件。</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">show</span></code> 可以顯示一個特定套件的資訊：</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span> $ pip show requests
---
Metadata-Version: <span class="m">2</span>.0
Name: requests
Version: <span class="m">2</span>.7.0
Summary: Python HTTP <span class="k">for</span> Humans.
Home-page: http://python-requests.org
Author: Kenneth Reitz
Author-email: me@kennethreitz.com
License: Apache <span class="m">2</span>.0
Location: /Users/akuchling/envs/tutorial-env/lib/python3.4/site-packages
Requires:
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">list</span></code> 會顯示虛擬環境中所有已經安裝的套件：</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span> $ pip list
novas <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">3</span>.1.1.3<span class="o">)</span>
numpy <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">1</span>.9.2<span class="o">)</span>
pip <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">7</span>.0.3<span class="o">)</span>
requests <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">2</span>.7.0<span class="o">)</span>
setuptools <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">16</span>.0<span class="o">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">freeze</span></code> 可以複製一整個已經安裝的套件清單，但是輸出使用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">install</span></code> 可以讀懂的格式。一個常見的慣例是放這整個清單到一個叫做 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">requirements.txt</span></code> 的檔案：</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span> $ pip freeze > requirements.txt
<span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span> $ cat requirements.txt
<span class="nv">novas</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="m">3</span>.1.1.3
<span class="nv">numpy</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="m">1</span>.9.2
<span class="nv">requests</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="m">2</span>.7.0
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">requirements.txt</span></code> 可以提交到版本控制，並且作為釋出應用程式的一部分。使用者可以透過 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">install</span> <span class="pre">-r</span></code> 安裝對應的的套件：</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span> $ pip install -r requirements.txt
Collecting <span class="nv">novas</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="m">3</span>.1.1.3 <span class="o">(</span>from -r requirements.txt <span class="o">(</span>line <span class="m">1</span><span class="o">))</span>
...
Collecting <span class="nv">numpy</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="m">1</span>.9.2 <span class="o">(</span>from -r requirements.txt <span class="o">(</span>line <span class="m">2</span><span class="o">))</span>
...
Collecting <span class="nv">requests</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="m">2</span>.7.0 <span class="o">(</span>from -r requirements.txt <span class="o">(</span>line <span class="m">3</span><span class="o">))</span>
...
Installing collected packages: novas, numpy, requests
Running setup.py install <span class="k">for</span> novas
Successfully installed novas-3.1.1.3 numpy-1.9.2 requests-2.7.0
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> 還有更多功能。可以參考<a class="reference internal" href="../installing/index.html#installing-index"><span class="std std-ref">安裝 Python 模組</span></a>說明書來取得完整的 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> 參考資料。當你撰寫了一個套件並且想要讓它可以在 Python Package Index 上可以取得的話，可以參考<a class="reference internal" href="../distributing/index.html#distributing-index"><span class="std std-ref">發布 Python 模組</span></a>說明。</p>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">12. 虛擬環境與套件</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#introduction">12.1. 簡介</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-virtual-environments">12.2. 建立虛擬環境</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#managing-packages-with-pip">12.3. 用 pip 管理套件</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
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