Fix potential infinite loops on cyclic Throwable.getCause()

[lbloder]

📜 Description

💡 Motivation and Context

💚 How did you test it?

📝 Checklist

• I added GH Issue ID & Linear ID
• I added tests to verify the changes.
• No new PII added or SDK only sends newly added PII if sendDefaultPII is enabled.
• I updated the docs if needed.
• I updated the wizard if needed.
• Review from the native team if needed.
• No breaking change or entry added to the changelog.
• No breaking change for hybrid SDKs or communicated to hybrid SDKs.
• Public API changes reviewed by another Mobile SDK team member or implemented according to the develop docs spec.

🔮 Next steps

[sentry]

📲 Install Builds

Android

🔗 App Name	App ID	Version	Configuration
SDK Size	io.sentry.tests.size	8.55.0 (1)	release

⚙️ sentry-android Build Distribution Settings

[lbloder]

@sentry review

[lbloder]

cursor review

[cursor]

✅ Bugbot reviewed your changes and found no new issues!

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^{Reviewed by Cursor Bugbot for commit 585da7f. Configure here.}